MacroPhage

Data: is any observational collected in respect of any characteristic or event. Types of data: 1)     Qualitative / quantitative data. 2)     Discrete / continuous data. 3)     Primary / secondary data. 4)     Nominal / ordinal data. Principals of data presentation: a)     To arrange data in order to create interest in reader’s mind. b)     To present information in a compact and concise form without losing important details. c)     To present data in a simple form to draw conclusion directly by viewing data. d)     To present data in order to help in further statistical analysis. Types of presentation of data: Tabulation (making tables): is the most common method of presenting analyzed data which offers a useful means of presenting large amounts of detailed information in a small space. Tables can clarify text, provide visual relief, and serve as quick point of reference. To write table in a perfect way: 1)     Tables should be numbered ex: table 1

Molecular biology: definition Molecular biology  is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription, and translation of the genetic material. ·         This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis as well as learning how these interactions are regulated. ·         Much of the work in molecular biology is quantitative , and recently much work has been done at the interface of molecular biology and computer science in bioinformatics and computational biology. ·         Since the late 1950s and early 1960s , molecular biologists have learned to characterize, isolate, and manipulate the molecular components of cells and organisms include DNA, the repository of genetic information; RNA , a close rel

Characteristics of Spirochetes: 1)    Vary in size from 5 to 500 µm in length. 2)    Many of them are free-living saprophytes (microorganism that lives on dead), while a few are obligate parasites. 3)    Are thin, helical (0.1–0.5 × 5–20 µm), and Gram negative . 4)    Are also elongated, motile, and flexible bacteria, twisted spirally along the long axis, giving these bacteria the name spirochetes (Spira meaning coiled, chait meaning hair). 5)    The presence of endoflagella . 6)    Exhibit three types of motility: (a) flexion and extension, (b) corkscrew- like rotatory movement, and (c) translatory motion. Examples of genera of Spirochetes: Treponema and Borrelia which causes diseases to human. Common diseases occurred by Spirochetes: Treponema: Are short and slender spirochetes with fine spirals and pointed ends. They are causative agent of syphilis. Morphology: 1)    Is a thin, coiled spirochete. It measures 0.1 µm in breadth and 5–15 µm in le