MacroPhage

E pidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic, data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (patient is community, individuals viewed collectively), and the application of (since epidemiology is a discipline within public health) this study to the control of health problems. P urposes of Epidemiology: a)     Describing disease occurrence and distribution of disease in population groups and development over time (trend). b)     Identifying cause and risk factors of disease (aetiology). c)     Undertaking experiments to assess the effects of treatments or preventive efforts. d)     Elucidating the natural history and prognosis of disease. e)     Providing foundation for public policy. T ypes of Epidemiology: 1)     Descriptive Epidemiology:   Is the type of epidemiology which aims to study the distribution and determinant

As we defined data before that is any observational collected in respect of any characteristic or event, data can be categorized as: primary data and secondary data . And every type of data is different from the other in methods of collection. Primary sources of data are that collected first-hand especially for purpose of study and from people who have a direct connection with it. Finding out first-hand the attitudes of a community towards health services, ascertaining the health needs of a community , evaluating a social program , determining the job satisfaction of the employees of an organization , and ascertaining the quality of service provided by a worker are examples of information collected from primary sources. Secondary sources of data are that provide second hand information and involves analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of primary data. And these sources are readily collected and available from other sources. The use of census data to obtain

Data: is any observational collected in respect of any characteristic or event. Types of data: 1)     Qualitative / quantitative data. 2)     Discrete / continuous data. 3)     Primary / secondary data. 4)     Nominal / ordinal data. Principals of data presentation: a)     To arrange data in order to create interest in reader’s mind. b)     To present information in a compact and concise form without losing important details. c)     To present data in a simple form to draw conclusion directly by viewing data. d)     To present data in order to help in further statistical analysis. Types of presentation of data: Tabulation (making tables): is the most common method of presenting analyzed data which offers a useful means of presenting large amounts of detailed information in a small space. Tables can clarify text, provide visual relief, and serve as quick point of reference. To write table in a perfect way: 1)     Tables should be numbered ex: table 1