MacroPhage

Female reproductive organs •       The female reproductive tract has two major components: 1.      The ovaries : •       produce the mature ovum •       Secrete progestins, androgens, and estrogens.   2. The ductal system : •         transports ovum •       is the place of the union of the sperm and egg and maintains the developing conceptus until delivery. The essential female reproductive functions 1. Production of ova ( oogenesis ) 2. Reception of sperm 3. Transport of the sperm and ovum to a common site for union ( fertilization, or conception ) 4. Maintenance of the developing fetus until it can survive in the outside world ( gestation, or pregnancy ), including formation of the placenta, the organ of exchange between mother and fetus 5. Giving birth to the baby ( parturition ) 6. Nourishing the infant after birth by milk production ( lactation ) •       The normal reproductive years of the female are characterized by monthly rhythmical ch

Reproduction   Reproduction   can be defined as the process by which an organism continues its species. In the  human reproductive  process, is controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis . two kinds of sex cells (gametes), are involved: the male gamete (sperm), and the female gamete (egg or ovum) Gonadotrophin releasing hormone •       It is secreted by hypothalamic neurons •       The neurons have rhythmic intrinsic depolarization and secretory activity with self-generated pulsatile secretion , involving short periods of abrupt secretion separated by large periods of low or undetectable secretion. •       It binds to anterior pituitary gonadotrophs that secrete FSH and LH. FSH and LH •       Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH ) and Luteinizing hormone   ( LH )are glycopeptides consisting of two subunits, alpha and beta . •       They share the alpha subunit . Specificity resides in the beta subunit Estrogen action

Feeding versus fasting In General: Feeding process Fasting process 2 to 4 hours after ingestion of normal meal. 1)        Results from no food ingested after feeding period. 2)        Results from inability to obtain food. 3)        Clinical situations such as trauma, surgery, cancer or burns. Plasma glucose, amino acids, TAG increases decreases Insulin secretion increases glucagon secretion decreases Insulin decreases Glucagon and epinephrine increases Anabolism (TAG, glycogen, protein synthesis increases) Catabolism (degradation of TAG, glycogen and protein increases) Fasting process has 2 priorities: a) to maintain glucose level for brain and RBCs, b) mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissue and release ketone bodies from liver. Some basic concepts relating to carbohydrates metabolism: Glycolysis  is a process in which glucose is converted into lactat